Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves an essential role in biomarker research. New Parkinson’s disease (PD) classifications incorporate CSF α-synuclein status into trial design. This study evaluated the safety and feasibility of serial CSF collection in participants enrolled in the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Methods PPMI participants were evaluated over 13-years with lumbar punctures (LPs) occurring annually from baseline through year five and biennially thereafter. Adverse events and compliance, defined as percentage of LPs with CSF collection, were assessed at baseline and upon follow up. Logistic regression and generalized linear mixed effects models were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for predictors of baseline and longitudinal LP success. Results 3479 participants (PD: n = 1412, prodromal: n = 1768, healthy control: n = 299) were analyzed. 3360 attempted at least one LP with 29.5 % experiencing an adverse event (1.3 % severe). Baseline compliance was 90 %. From baseline to year five, percent change in compliance decreased by 39.4 % in the PD cohort, 41.4 % in the prodromal cohort, and 27.8 % in the healthy control cohort. Predictive variables of baseline LP success included fewer years since diagnosis (PD: OR 0.82, 0.76–0.89), lower BMI (prodromal: OR 0.92, 0.89–0.94), and site location U.S. vs. non-U.S. (PD: OR 1.5, 1.03–2.18, healthy control: OR 3.6, 1.22–10.64). Baseline LP success was the best predictor of longitudinal success (OR 7.82, 5.74–10.65). Conclusions Lumbar punctures were safe in PD research participants over a 13-year period. Compliance was high over the first three years, but further investigation is warranted to improve long term success.

Background and Objectives The alpha-synuclein (α-syn) CSF seed amplification assay (CSF SAA) presents a promising diagnostic for Parkinson disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. The objective of this study was to develop and externally validate models to predict probabilities of α-syn positive or negative status in vivo in a mixture of people with and without PD using easily accessible clinical predictors. Methods Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were developed in a cohort of participants from the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) study to predict CSF α-syn status as measured by SAA. Models were externally validated in a cohort of participants from the Systemic Synuclein Sampling Study (S4) that had also measured CSF α-syn status using SAA. Results The PPMI model training/testing cohort included 1,260 participants, 37% of whom were female, with a mean (± standard deviation) age of 62.4 (±10.0) years. Among them, 76% had manifest PD with a mean disease duration of 1.2 (±1.6) years. Overall, 68.7% of the overall PPMI cohort (and 88.0% of those with manifest PD) had positive CSF α-syn SAA status results. Variables from the full multivariable model to predict CSF α-syn SAA status included age-specific and sex-specific University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) percentile values, sex, self-reported frequency of constipation problems, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genetic status and pathogenic variant, and GBA status. Internal performance of the model on PPMI data to predict CSF α-syn SAA status showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.921 and a sensitivity/specificity of 0.858/0.868. This model was applied to the external S4 cohort, which included 71 participants, 39% of whom were female, with a mean age of 63.0 (±8.0) years, and included 70.4% with manifest PD (for a mean 5.1 (±4.8) years). The model performed well, achieving an AUROC of 0.978 and a sensitivity/specificity of 0.958/0.870. Discussion Data-driven models using noninvasive clinical features can accurately predict CSF α-syn SAA positive and negative status in cohorts enriched for people living with PD. Scores from the UPSIT were highly significant in predicting α-syn SAA status.

Background and objectives The phenotype of p.A53T-α-synuclein (SNCA) mutation carriers with Parkinson’s disease (A53T-PD) appears more severe compared to idiopathic PD (iPD), however, information is limited. Here we conducted a comprehensive longitudinal study to investigate the progression of motor and nonmotor features of Α53Τ-PD compared to iPD. Methods Detailed longitudinal 3-year data, concerning both motor and non-motor features, of 16 p.A53T-PD and 48 iPD, matched for age (51–53 years) and disease duration (approximately 4 years) at baseline, were downloaded from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database and compared between the two groups. Additionally, a cognitive composite score was generated by five cognitive tests, focused more on executive/visuospatial function. Results At baseline, global cognitive function, as assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), was not significantly different between the two groups, in contrast to tests evaluating executive/visuospatial function, including the composite score, which were worse in A53T-PD. There was a significant decline over time in all neuropsychological tests in A53T-PD, while iPD remained stable. A similar pattern was revealed for motor status and function, as well as autonomic function, which were similar between the two groups at baseline, but deteriorated significantly only in A53T-PD over time. Discussion A53T-PD patients present an accelerated decline in both motor and non-motor parameters, with an impairment in executive-visuospatial function occurring early in the disease process. Such data may set the stage for targeted disease-modifying therapies in this particular subtype, while generated data may be widely applicable to iPD, which is largely a sporadic synucleinopathy.

Background Neuronal α-synuclein disease (NSD) is defined by the presence of an in vivo biomarker of neuronal alpha-synuclein (n-asyn) pathology. The NSD integrated staging system (NSD-ISS) for research describes progression across the disease continuum as stages 0 to 6. Objective The aim was to assess 5-year longitudinal change in NSD-ISS in early disease. Methods Analysis included a subset of participants from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) enrolled before 2020 as Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, prodromal PD patients, or healthy controls (HC) who met NSD criteria. Staging was defined based on biomarkers of n-asyn and dopaminergic dysfunction in early stages, clinical features, and severity of functional impairment in stages 3 to 6. Stages were determined annually for 5 years. Results Of 576 NSD participants, 494 were enrolled as PD patients, 74 prodromal PD patients, and 8 HCs. At baseline, 24% of participants were stage 2B, 56% Stage 3, 13% stage 4, and less than 5% in other stages. At year 5, the respective percentages for stages 2B to 4 were 11%, 50%, and 34%, indicating progression through NSD stages. Progression was driven by functional impairment in the predominantly motor domain (95%) for stage 2B to 3, increasing degree of nonmotor dysfunction for stages 3 to 4 (46%), and a combination of domains for stages 4 to 5. Initiation of dopaminergic medications led to stage regression in 8% of participants in Stage 3 but 41% in stage 4. Conclusions Our analysis supports the utility of NSD-ISS in defining the stages of disease progression, at least in the early clinical and prodromal stages (2B, 3, or 4), suggesting the value of NSD-ISS as a potential research tool for drug development. Further research involving preclinical cohorts is a crucial next step. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Among LRRK2-associated parkinsonism cases with nigral degeneration, over two-thirds demonstrate evidence of pathologic alpha-synuclein, but many do not. Understanding the clinical phenotype and underlying biology in such individuals is critical for therapeutic development. Our objective was to compare clinical and biomarker features, and rate of progression over 4 years of follow-up, among LRRK2-associated parkinsonism cases with and without in vivo evidence of alpha-synuclein aggregates. Data were from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative, a multicentre prospective cohort study. The sample included individuals diagnosed with Parkinson disease with pathogenic variants in LRRK2. Presence of CSF alpha-synuclein aggregation was assessed with seed amplification assay. A range of clinician- and patient-reported outcome assessments were administered. Biomarkers included dopamine transporter scan, CSF amyloid-beta1-42, total tau, phospho-tau181, urine bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate levels and serum neurofilament light chain. Linear mixed-effects (LMMs) models examined differences in trajectory in CSF-negative and CSF-positive groups. A total of 148 LRRK2 parkinsonism cases (86% with G2019S variant), 46 negative and 102 positive for CSF alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay, were included. At baseline, the negative group was older than the positive group and a greater proportion were female . Despite being older, the negative group had similar duration since diagnosis and similar motor rating scale though lower levodopa equivalents. Only 13 (29%) of the negative group were hyposmic, compared with 75 (77%) of the positive group. The negative group, compared with the positive group, had higher per cent-expected putamenal dopamine transporter binding for their age and sex . Serum neurofilament light chain was higher in the negative group compared with the positive group . In terms of longitudinal change, the negative group remained stable in functional rating scale score in contrast to the positive group who had a significant increase (worsening) of 0.729 per year (P = 0.037), but no other differences in trajectory were found. Among individuals diagnosed with Parkinson disease with pathogenic variants in the LRRK2 gene, we found clinical and biomarker differences in cases without versus with in vivo evidence of CSF alpha-synuclein aggregates. LRRK2 parkinsonism cases without evidence of alpha-synuclein aggregates as a group exhibit less severe motor manifestations and decline. The underlying biology in LRRK2 parkinsonism cases without evidence of alpha-synuclein aggregates requires further investigation.

Remote identification of individuals with severe hyposmia may enable scalable recruitment of participants with underlying alpha-synuclein aggregation. We evaluated the performance of a staged screening paradigm using remote smell testing to enrich for abnormal dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography imaging (DAT-SPECT) and alpha-synuclein aggregation. The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) recruited participants for the prodromal cohort who were 60-years and older without a Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Participants were invited to complete a University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) independently through an online portal. Hyposmic participants were invited to complete DAT-SPECT, which determined eligibility for enrollment in longitudinal assessments and further biomarker evaluation including cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay (aSynSAA). As of January 29, 2024, 49,843 participants were sent an UPSIT and 31,293 (63%) completed it. Of UPSIT completers, 8,301 (27%) scored <15th percentile. Of 1,546 who completed DAT-SPECT, 1,060 (69%) had DAT-SPECT binding <100% expected for age and sex. Participants with an UPSIT <10th percentile (n = 1,221) had greater likelihood of low DAT-SPECT binding compared to participants with an UPSIT in the 10th to 15th percentile (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.85–4.91). Overall, 55% (198/363) of cases with UPSIT <15th percentile and DAT-SPECT <100% had positive aSynSAA, which increased to 70% (182/260) when selecting for more severe hyposmia (UPSIT <10th percentile).

Our present study assessed the role of serum uric acid as a putative biomarker in a prodromal PD cohort followed longitudinally. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and concomitant disorders (hypertension/gout), baseline and longitudinal serum uric acid levels were higher in the RBD subgroup as compared to the established PD cohort (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001). (Baseline RBD 6.07±1.6 vs. Baseline PD 5.35±1.3 mg/dL and Year-5 RBD 5.7±1.3 vs. Year-5 PD 5.26±1.33). This was also true for longitudinal measurements in the Hyposmic subgroup (p = 0.008) (Baseline Hyposmic 5.7±1.6 vs. PD 5.35±1.3 mg/dL and Year-5 Hyposmic 5.58±1.6 vs. PD 5.26±1.33).

The Neuronal alpha-Synuclein Disease (NSD) biological definition and Integrated Staging System (NSD-ISS) provide a research framework to identify individuals with Lewy body pathology and stage them based on underlying biology and increasing degree of functional impairment. Utilizing data from the PPMI, PASADENA, and SPARK studies, we developed and applied biologic and clinical data-informed definitions for the NSD-ISS across the disease continuum. Individuals enrolled as Parkinson’s disease, Prodromal, or Healthy Controls were defined and staged based on biological, clinical, and functional anchors at baseline. Across the three studies 1741 participants had SAA data and of these 1030 (59%) were S+ consistent with NSD. Among sporadic PD, 683/736 (93%) were NSD, and the distribution for Stages 2B, 3, and 4 was 25%, 63%, and 9%, respectively. Median (95% CI) time to developing a clinically meaningful outcome was 8.3 (6.2, 10.1), 5.9 (4.1, 6.0), and 2.4 (1.0, 4.0) years for baseline stage 2B, 3, and 4, respectively. We propose pilot biologic and clinical anchors for NSD-ISS. Our results highlight the baseline heterogeneity of individuals currently defined as early PD. Baseline stage predicts time to progression to clinically meaningful milestones. Further research on validation of the anchors in longitudinal cohorts is necessary.

Participants from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), a multisite international study, and a long-standing PD research cohort at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn), a single site study at a tertiary movement disorders center, were recruited. PPMI enrolled de novo, untreated PD participants and Penn a convenience cohort from a large clinical center. For PPMI, a cognitive battery is administered annually, and a site investigator makes a cognitive diagnosis. At Penn, a comprehensive cognitive battery is administered either annually or biennially, and a cognitive diagnosis is made by expert consensus. Interval-censored survival curves were fit for time from PD diagnosis to stable dementia diagnosis for each cohort, using cognitive diagnosis of dementia as the primary end point and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score <21 and Movement Disorder Society—Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part I cognition score ≥3 as secondary end points for PPMI. In addition, estimated dementia probability by PD disease duration was tabulated for each study and end point. For the PPMI cohort, 417 participants with PD (mean age 61.6 years, 65% male) were followed, with an estimated probability of dementia at year 10 disease duration of 9% (site investigator diagnosis), 15% (MoCA), or 12% (MDS-UPDRS Part I cognition). For the Penn cohort, 389 participants with PD (mean age 69.3 years, 67% male) were followed, with 184 participants (47% of cohort) eventually diagnosed with dementia. The interval-censored curve for the Penn cohort had a median time to dementia of 15 years (95% CI 13–15); the estimated probability of dementia was 27% at 10 years of disease duration, 50% at 15 years, and 74% at 20 years.